The Virtue Of An Immoral Love - 1776 Words

The Virtue of an Immoral Love In response to criticism claiming that poesy or fiction was inherently non-virtuous and frivolous, Sir Philip Sidney wrote a daring piece called the Defense of Poesy. Within his rebuttal, Sidney addresses critics concerns with several types of poesy and illuminates that poesy is actually the height of virtue within society. In particular within his description of Lyric poetry, Sidney revels in the Lyric’s ability to recognize, praise, and exemplify â€Å"the reward of virtue† and â€Å"virtuous acts† (Defense of Poesy 673). When looking at Sidney’s own works of Lyric in Astrophil and Stella, Astrophil’s actions of pursuing a bodily love for an unavailable woman seem to disobey many virtue’s that should be present within the poems. However, upon further inspection, Sidney utilizes Astrophil’s misbehavior, and the misfortunes that follow, as an exemplifying juxtaposition to model virtue and to help redefine virtuous text overall. In light of Sidney’s discussion of lyric poetry being the epitome of showing virtue in action, the actions of Sidney’s own character, Astrophil, create an alarming dissonance. The first act defying virtue is within the premise of the story itself. Astrophil is relentlessly perusing an unavailable woman. There are several points within the series of sonnets where Stella s unobtainable nature is made clear. Most notably of these is in the fourth song when finally Stella speaks. Within this song, Astrophil continues to pine afterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Charlotte Temple By Susanna Rowson1456 Words   |  6 PagesHenton English 80, 1D November 22, 2014 Virtues and Their Connection to an Audience A good American encompasses the qualities and values that are respected among the national public. In Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson, an innocent and pure young girl named Charlotte is corrupted and altered by her French teacher, British companion and his foreign friend. Although Rowson is a British-born author, the work connected with the American audience because the virtues demonstrated by some characters areRead MoreHumes Ethics1047 Words   |  5 Pagesexhibits the same alleged relations as a human child killing his parent; if morality is a question of relations, than the young tree is immoral, which is absurd† (Frankl 1985:233). Furthermore, Hume also argues that moral assessments are not judgments about empirical facts. The philosopher states that it is impossible to find a fact that can be called immoral for any immoral action that is examined. In other words Hume stands on the ground that it is impossible to deduce statements of obligation from statementsRead MoreEthics And Its Impact On Our Lives1455 Words   |  6 Pagesis wrong, as humans, we have to use our conscience to tell us what to do. Our conscience is our inner feeling or voice, almost like a moral compass that we use to guide us. Throughout our lives, ethics is used to form our conscience with vices and virtues and by directing our objects and intentions to become a fuller person. When we are making decisions there are three parts to it. There is the object: the specific thing that is being chosen our said, the intention: the intended outcome or goal,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Interstellar 1004 Words   |  5 Pagessee Cooper as more of a Virtue Theorist. Virtue theory states that, â€Å"An act is morally right just because it is one that a virtuous person, acting in character, would do in that situation† (page 253). In other words, a virtue theorist observes a role model who sets an appropriate example for others. Such a role model is called a moral exemplar. However, this general rule of â€Å"do what a moral exemplar would do† is not specific enough in certain situations. Therefore, virtue theory also provides aRead MoreEssay on Morality and Egos in Radcliffes The Italian1078 Words   |  5 PagesMorality and Egos in The Italian      Ã‚   The gothic tradition loves to play with the morality of a character and this explains ones egotistical tendencies.   In Radcliffes Italian, no matter which side of the morality tree a character stands on, Satan has slipped a little pride in everyones apple.   The role of doubles begins before Poe popularizes it.   Radcliffe works hard to create evil twins and/or corresponding halves to some of the characters in order to demonstrate the power of pride.   TheRead MoreAn Act Of Law Is Just Or Unjust1312 Words   |  6 Pagesmakes the decision of government difficult. This is because one must make a decision that either everyone will love, or some people. There are three schools of thought that are used in order to determine certain legislations. The legislation has to be just, or has to reach a form of justice. These three schools of thought which address justice are deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue-based ethics. A common question has been asked, â€Å"What is justice?† According to Chapter V of John Stuart Mill’sRead MoreThe Source of a Princes Happiness and Misery in Augustine’s City of God and Aquinas’s On Kingship and Machiavelis The Prince1459 Words   |  6 Pageshappiness because they neglect the needs of their soul. True happiness can be found in God’s grace. He would never place material things as a goal of His true followers. Augustine states that in order for a prince to find this happiness, he needs to: fear, love and worship God and extend His kingdom; rule justly; have humility towards his accomplishment; pardon as many crimes as possible and to punish enemies when necessary to uphold the government and defend the republic, not for a prince’s selfish desiresRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill998 Words   |  4 Pagesindigenous tribes in order to further growth. The consequences created a powerful first world nation that posit ively contributes to the world economy. According to Mill’s theory, they performed a moral act. Nevertheless, this act is considered immoral today. Kant’s belief that all acts must apply to all men would determine that it’s never okay to attack another as the United States did in its past. Regardless of the believed consequence, killing could not logically apply to all men without causingRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesactions should be judged by their consequences. Machiavelli because of the way he thought believed you could calculate a consequence. Thinking this way is a great way to justify actions some would consider to be immoral. The question though was Machiavelli really justifying immoral actions or was he simply being rational? The answer is not obvious though and matters who you are speaking to. Machiavelli can be considered evil seeing that he does in a manner justify it. Does MachiavelliRead MoreMorality and Economics are Closely Related Essay example589 Words   |  3 Pagesmalpractice. This law is also referred to as the trademark law, promoting commercial morality by harmonizing interest, and prevents competitors from diverting a producer’s customers through unfair means (â€Å"Ethics Economics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 3). Family, culture, love, spirituality, the environment or many other things that make life rich and meaning are not addressed in economics. Economists have documented that people often do not incorporate moral constraints into their decision making process. Good economics

Symbols Of The Nobility And The Proletariat - 1486 Words

Symbols of aristocratic authority in Miss Julie, facilitate societal discussion on ethically acceptable behaviour as sexual, gender and class conflicts emerge through individuals having challenged hierarchal structure despite having internalized distinct ideological frameworks. Strindberg utilizes uncertainty and the reveling Midsummer atmosphere to justify aristocratic need for isolation in order to maintain a guise of dominance. Julie’s failure to embody submissive characteristics and conform to social paradigms by alienating herself from the servitude, threatens the hierarchal structure, using social structure to dictate ethical behaviour within society. Hence, Julie’s death is justified as necessary to reinstate social order through isolating and subjugating the proletariat. Liberation and freedom are impossible to obtain due to the anxiety producing agency of the Count, symbolizing the omnipresence of repressive Capitalist dictates due to the impact on psyche as a product of nurture. Symbols of authority existing only to perpetuate elite authority are present in Jean as he is socially alienated from the aristocracy, despite characteristically embodying the role. The juxtaposition of symbols of the aristocracy and the proletariat are present when â€Å"Jean [is] in morning coat and bowler†, symbolizing Jean’s finer sensibilities and ability to apply these within correct social environments. Additionally, he attempts to assert himself within the formal social environment ofShow MoreRelatedThe Russian Revolution Of 19171646 Words   |  7 Pagescomparatively weak†¦its upper ranks remained dominated by the nobility.’ The implications of this were that there were defined class divisions and a steep decline from the upper classes to the peasantry, creating fundamentally a hierarchy in which business could not prosper. The Russian peasantry was the largest and most destitute section of Russian society, with 85% of the population belonging to it. The peasantry were described as ‘a symbol of Russian backwardness†¦largely illiterate, religious, superstitiousRead MoreRussia And The Soviet Union1745 Words   |  7 PagesWhile it is difficult to argue that Russia is not unique, it is also inappropriate to say that Russia was solely influenced by outside forces. For example, Russia remained a backwards feudal state, a state where the nobility owned land and serfs stayed on the land in exchange for labor and produce, while other Western nations were progressing. This would not necessarily point to saying that Russia is unique in the sense that it lacked progression, but it did speak to how little influence it had receivedRead MoreHow Far Did Sergei Witte Achieve His Aims?2122 Words   |  9 Pagesargued that this project was not entirely successful as by 1914 it was still incomplete and it did not really increase migration to an astronomical rate as it was initially expected. It seemed that the Trans Siberian proj ect was more of a show off symbol of Russian enterprise. The growth of towns also brought problems. It was true that the industrial and economic expansion was bringing jobs which were supposed to keep the population content and under salaries. However, working and living conditionsRead More Sweetness And Power Essay1968 Words   |  8 Pageswhich is shown on page 3 with the line amp;quot;Food choices and eating habits reveal distinctions of age, sex, status, culture, and even occupation.amp;quot; Later in the book, Mintz will continue this contention by describing sugar as a symbol of power and nobility. Another important idea revealed to the reader in chapter one is the source of focus for the book, which is shown in this statement on page 5: Specifically, I am concerned with a single substance called sucrose, a kind of sugar extractedRead MoreSweetness and Power2050 Words   |  9 Pagessociety, which is shown on page 3 with the line quot;Food choices and eating habits reveal distinctions of age, sex, status, culture, and even occupation.quot; Later in the book, Mintz will continue this contention by describing sugar as a symbol of power and nobility. Another important idea revealed to the reader in chapter one is the source of focus for the book, which is shown in this statement on page 5: Specifically, I am concerned with a single substance called sucrose, a kind of sugar extractedRead MoreWhat Makes Modernism Modern?3042 Words   |  13 PagesDuchess d Angouleme† (1817)† was known as the beautiful as it follows the acien rà ©gime, whereas Eugà ¨ne Delacroix s artwork, â€Å"Liberty Leading the People† was known as the ugly due to their completely opposition in social politics, one which is of nobility where the other was of democratic revolution. Gros’s piece was a portrait of a Duchess, Marie Thà ©rà ¨se of France, was radiant and urbane, the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. In the artwork, her posture indicates poise, dressed in exquisiteRead MoreOrigin of the 1905 Russian Revolution Essay2687 Words   |  11 Pageseffectively represent and govern the vast nation of Russia. At the turn of the 20th century there were increasing social divisions in the social and political structure of Russia. The resulting inequalities left peasants and members of the proletariat at an increasing disadvantage. Abraham Ascher quotes P.N. Miliukov in an explanation of representative disorder within the political climate of Russia. He wrote that There exist two Russias, one quite different from the other, and what pleasesRead MoreA Marxist View Of Crime And Punishment. Dostoevsky’S Crime1881 Words   |  8 Pageslineage. An example of this is when her husband dies and she overspends on an exotic funeral even though her financial situation doesn’t necessarily allow for it at all.The idea comes from a risky made up lie to prove to other that she came from nobility, â€Å"[†¦she wanted to show] that she had been brought up ‘in a noble, one might even say aristocratic, colonel’s house,’ and was not at all prepared for sweeping the fl oor herself and washing the children’s rags at night†. Ivanovna’s current positionRead MoreReasons For The Bolshevik Revolution Of 19173737 Words   |  15 Pagescomparatively weak†¦its upper ranks remained dominated by the nobility.’ The implications of this were that there were defined class divisions and a steep decline from the upper classes to the peasantry, creating fundamentally a hierarchy in which business could not prosper. The Russian peasantry was the largest and most destitute section of Russian society, with 85% of the population belonging to it. The peasantry were described as ‘a symbol of Russian backwardness†¦largely illiterate, religious, superstitiousRead More A Revolution of the Distressed Essay3737 Words   |  15 Pagesthe time of Spanish colonial rule, Incans were being treated completely unfairly. And in the late 18th century, Peru began to see the first of its native revolutions under Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru II in 1780. These uprisings were headed by Indian nobility who showed antipathy towards the Spanish administration as a result of being forced to subject their own people to taxes, unfair market prices, and slave labor. The Incans throughout the time of Spanish colonial rule had hopes for the renewal of

Companies and Financial and Legal Services †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Companies and Financial and Legal Services. Answer: Introduction Brexit means a situation when the United Kingdom decided to come out of the European Union. This has caused many troubles in the political as well as the environment issues in that region. There was referendum, which was conducted and in theweeks following, where the media have largely focused onshort-term, immediate and pressing issues, both economic and political. There was negotiation between the UK and European Union based on which the decision to exit and there was an impact of brexit on the economy,the markets, and indeed on the financial conditionsof the region. Theory behind the trade integration After the referendum which took place in UK, the people of United Kingdom decided to exit the membership of European Union. This has caused a major impact on the political and the social environment of the Country. During Brexit, Britain has entered into trade agreement. A decision is taken whether UK will be leaving the European Union. After the globalization and liberalization which bought about a change in all over the World. The European Union being is one of the most attractive places for trade. After Brexit, the UK will face problems regarding the business operations. The UK needs to negotiate the trade and agreement with the other Countries. The financial institutes are also affected by the Brexit and it was discussed in the referendum (Baker, Ali Thrasher,2016).The decision where the EU can save the UK government from having to contribute every year. There has been an issue where there is a prediction that the UKs contribution to the EU comes in the coming years. The decision of UK to come out of European Union after the referendum which took place and the International companies have started their process for Brexit and there was a potential increase in the cost associated with the UK- EU trade. There was an increase in the price of goods, services after the Brexit. The considerations and changes include the locations; trade barriers and the supply chain management and trade between third Countries outside the UK.The impact was felt by wider a person that operates in the EU (Duff, 2017). Trade with a UK and EU company, and the strategy Trade Principle Taking an example of a non EU based Company Easy Jet and a UK based Country Switzerland. After the potential decision of exit of UK from the membership of EU, the important factor that affected was trade or business in between the Countries. The airline industry was hugely affected by the decision. Trade and commerce is most crucial for the growth and prosperity of the Country. There has been a problem to negotiate the trade deals after brexit. There has been huge loss of Easy Jet. Even though after Brexit, Easy Jet had decided to maintain the trade and business relations in the Countries and keeping its headquarters in UK. The strategies and trade principle used are: Firstly, the strategy was to join the ETFA. The UK will be allowed to access the EU market for negotiating the deals with the non EU member Countries. Secondly, the strategy is to follow a Swiss style approach to an EU relationship is followed. The Country has to use bilateral treaties in the relationship with the EU so that they are able to negotiate the trade. This will help the UK to negotiate specific agreement after maintaining some of the EU laws. Those who were in favor of exiting EU membership believed that the UK is well placed to negotiate a favorable trade arrangement management with the EU even after post-Brexit. Thirdly, the strategy is to follow the rules of World Trade Organization. This strategy may be a nuclear option and only few of the airline industry will follow. Lastly, like other European airlines, Easy Jet will regularly engage with the UK and the EU on a wide range of issues which includes the impact of Brexit on aviation industry Identify possible models of economic relations between the UK and EU-27 after the Brexit The UK Government which has now been publicly set out so that their aim for the Brexit negotiations is for the UKs future relations with the EU since it has been left out. At a high level, the UK aims to be global in all its endeavors and they cooperate with their EU neighbors. The areas which were to determine after the Brexit was as follows: Take the control of the laws: After the Brexit the UK decided to leave the European Union and they decided to manage with the Court. A new custom arrangement: In order to prioritize the trade between the goods and the services this includes the financial services between UK and the EU (Featherstone, 2016). Brexit did not contribute to the EU Budget: After Brexit there has been many issues raised and therefore there is no appropriate contribution. The European Union established a draft negotiating the goals and setting out what the negotiations management are all about which would move to the future relationship with the EU. The areas which will determine the UK EU model The four various things on which the new model will be determined .The company will depend on following: People, Capital Goods Services The United Kingdom indicated a Non EU member without the obligation of the member state. The agreement was based on and aimed for ambitious free trade and which was concluded after Brexit (Gordon, 2016). Lisbon Treaty (Article 50) provides for exit of member countries from European Union. For any country to come out of European Union, it has to negotiate a deal with EU. The deal will provide for a settlement between EU and UK. The most important focus was on the relation of UK with the members of European Union. After the globalization there began a free trade movement of capital, goods and services which helps in the belief that the market forces are unleashed and unstoppable. After this the members of the Country saw that they move towards untrammeled freedom towards a positive light. This was a protest against the career opportunities and there has been an economic model that has been taking place. There was control which was imposed so that there will be free movement of the capital and people and trade unions could have bargained for the higher pay or settle down for cheap labor which was being brought into the Country (Hellwig,2017). The opportunities and threats posed due to Brexit There will be devaluation of pound sterling and it will be volatile therefore it might affect the sale of tickets of Easy Jet There will be introduction of customs and tariffs between UK and EU countries thus it might affect the number of passenger boarding the flight There will an increase in the trade tariffs in the airlines of non EU when negotiating with the UK Limitation for higher cost for companies with the UK based companies (Torjesen, 2017). Easy Jet dealing with UK needs to deal with the trade tariffs and regulation so that there is no impact in the prices of their ticket Sovereignty: The UK does not have full control over the affairs. The UK has given the control over the decisions to the borders in exchange of the decision related to trade and security (Joshi, 2016). Reduction of terrorism: With the threats increasing the UK believe that the members of the EU have posed threats and security threats. Thus it will reduce their ability to control borders. On the positive note, Brexit has driven away fears of a US Fed rate hike which could lead to lower commodity prices and overall impact in the airline industry. The threats are as follows: There will be shrinking in the UK market: The UK is a part of the single market with no tariffs and imports. As the EU countries go to the UK, they will stick towards the rules and the regulations (McDougall, 2016). Loss of jobs: After the Brexit there will be huge loss of jobs which have been highlighted as there has been loss of jobs. There has been trade between the UK and the EU members. UKs place in the World: After Brexit since UK has been a part of EU; it has more influence on Europe which has many benefits for the UK movements. Most of the British legal migrants were coming from EU. There is this feeling which had at negative impact on UK born workers. Adding credence to local fears was the fact that since 1997, 3/4thof jobs created are taken up by EU immigrants this has a impact on the airlines. The immediate impact of Brexit is that there is a risk of aversion when it comes to investing, especially in light of possibility of other countries following suit. This will affect the FPI outflows from foreign portfolio investors. References Adler-Nissen, R., Galpin, C., Rosamond, B. (2017). Performing Brexit: How a post-Brexit world is imagined outside the UK.British Journal of Politics and International Relations management,19(3). Alhajji, A. F. (2017). OGEL Special Issue on" Brexit".Oil, Gas Energy Law Journal (OGEL),15(2). Baker, A. H., Ali, R. R., Thrasher, A. J. (2016). Impact of BREXIT on UK gene and cell therapy: the need for continued pan-European collaboration. Duff, A. (2017). Brexit: the launch of Article 50. EPC Discussion Paper, 9 February 2017. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T., Van Reenen, J. (2016). The impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK.BREXIT 2016, 24. Dorling, D. (2016). Brexit: the decision of a divided country. Featherstone, M. (2016). Brexit means Brexit: On the Horror of the Other in (Neo) Liberal Britain.CTheory. Gordon, M. (2016). The UK's Sovereignty Situation: Brexit, Bewilderment and Beyond.King's Law Journal,27(3), 333-343. Hellwig, H. J. (2017). The Effects of Brexit on the Law of Companies and Financial and Legal Services in Europe: A Summary Overview.European Company and Financial Law Review,14(2), 252-268. Joshi, V. N. (2016). Brexit: Implications for India?. McDougall, D. (2016). Australia and Brexit: dj vu all over again?.The Round Table,105(5), 557-572. Murray, C. (2017). Deemed leave: A concrete plan to secure EU residents rights post-Brexit. Torjesen, I. (2017). Four in 10 European doctors may leave UK after Brexit vote, BMA survey finds.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),356.

With Christ in the School of Prayer an Example by

With Christ in the School of Prayer Nowadays Christianity is one of the most widespread religions in the world. In this paradigm prayer is the one and only way that allows the adept of the cult to communicate with higher entity, thus it is important to for the believers to be acquainted with the right technique of praying, to learn what actually a prayer is, what are its purposes, and how they should be accomplished. Andrew Murray's book With Christ in the School of Prayer is actually a complete overview of the topics listed, as it gives answers to some of the questions the believers have about the process of praying and it results. Need essay sample on "With Christ in the School of Prayer" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed It's obvious that lots of the believers aren't capable to understand and interpret correctly the requirements that are put in the Christian holy book due to the lack of education. Andrew Murray offers a valid interpretation of the process of praying, its purposes and principles. The author notes that in the modern world of profit motives, delusions and disbelief the Christians forgot about the simple promise the Bible contains, which's that the God is ready to give anything to its worshippers, they only have to ask about it. "In connection with this there is another truth that has come to me with wonderful clearness as I studied the teaching of Jesus on prayer" the author writes. "It is this: that the Father waits to hear every prayer of faith, to give us whatsoever we will, and whatsoever we ask in Jesus' name. We have become so accustomed to limit the wonderful love and the large promises of our God, that we cannot read the simplest and clearest statements of our Lord without the qualifying clauses by which we guard and expound them" With Christ in the School of Prayer notes that the best teacher who can give the believers knowledge about how to pray is Jesus Christ himself, who is always ready to help those who want to learn from him. Murray states that Christ's prayer is ideal, as he knows best what pleases his father. The book is dedicated to explaining the most important principles the prayer should follow in order to make his plead effective. The author believes that the key terms to praying are spirit and truth. Spirit - believing in the existence of God and in his power to fulfill the words the prayer speaks. But often the adepts of the religion pray without knowing about the powers their deity possesses and about the conditions he provides his assistance on. For the prayer to be the most effective the believer should know what God wants from him or her, and how should he pray to satisfy him. The good adept should be educated and instructed, he should be acquainted with the interpretations of Bible, and, together with it, he should trust in the powers of God and be honest with him. According to With Christ in the School of Prayer, prayer is an intimate act, thus it should be conducted in a separate, "secret" place, where the one who is talking to God would not be disturbed, where he/she can concentrate on his/her religious feelings without any outer irritants. Prayer is the method of communicating with God which gives the believer the feeling of support and confidence. For those, who really trust God he is the closest person, the one they can come to with any problems, joys or sorrows and to whom they can confess their cherished wishes and dreams. Thus it's obvious that the believer should try to conduct thi act without being disturbed or distracted. This book also teaches the believers to trust God their cravings and hopes and seek assistance from him, as it is said in Bible that "'Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you: for every one that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened"'--MATT. vii. 7, 8. Murray complains that in these days lots of people underestimate the powers of God, thus they don't see any sense in asking the deity to help them. Here Murray gives one of the vital clues for the successful prayer, which's that if you want God to hear you and fulfill your plead, you should actually believe in his ability to accomplish it. Andrew Murray also emphasizes the importance of prayer for other people in his book. He believes that the prayer is one of the best means of expressing affection, love and care for the chosen person. Besides he reminds about the wonderful effects that the prayer of the two or three people who do it together can give. The author says that the plead of the two or three person who pray united and express the same desire is more effective than the plead of one person The book also tells about the state of consciousness the prayer should attain before beginning to plead. The book reminds us of Jesus Christ's commandment about the need to forgive. Murray says that the believer shouldn't begin praying until he forgives all the people that hurt him, as his mind should be ready to communication with God. Instead, in case the person is aggrieved by something, most of his/her thoughts are about his insult, thus he/she is not concentrating. One of the most important qualities for the prayer is, according to Murray, persistence. He states that the believer should "prey without ceasing", for to get the thing he/she longs for. The author believes that the prayer should be persistent for to God to see that his/her wish is really strong, and that his/her efforts will be evaluated and noted by the deity. In With Christ in the School of Prayer it is also noted that the believer should put his own efforts to fulfill his plead, as God won't be able to help in case the prayer isn't working towards the problem too. I see this book as a guide for the believers in the art of praying. I believe that the great part of believers cannot evaluate the importance of pray for their everyday life. This book would be useful for most of the adepts of Christianity and those who study it, as there the main principles of preying can be found. Works Cited Murray, A. With Christ in the School of Prayer. Barbour Publishing, Inc, 2005

4 things recruiters look for in your resume told by a Facebook manager

4 things recruiters look for in your resume told by a Facebook manager On the annual lists of the best places to work, the tech sector always has a sampling of the hot new startups and companies- but there are also the perennial favorites, like Google and Facebook. This means that the recruiters and hiring teams for these companies are inundated with every kind of applicant and resume you can imagine. Really, they’ve seen it all. So what works with the hiring czars at these hyper-competitive companies? Let’s look at some tips from Jeff Raynar, a hiring manager at Facebook, and how you can apply them to your own resume. 1. Tell your story.When you’re fighting against a pile of probably similar resumes, your uniqueness needs to stand out. The best way to do that is to distinguish your story from the next guy’s. Buzzwords are easy, but creating a clear, cohesive narrative can be more effective.How to do this on your own resume: Make sure your resume bullets aren’t just a laundry list of tasks you’ve held, but a sto ry about how you’ve grown and developed throughout your career, taking on new responsibilities and adding new accomplishments. This is also where your cover letter comes in- you have several paragraphs to show the reader why you’re a great fit for this job and who you are. Use action verbs, not buzzwords. And make sure your story is clear and not too long- think elevator pitch, not monologue. Ideally, you’ll have a chance to talk more about your story in an interview, but on the resume you really just want to stand out from the crowd and get the attention that can get you to the next level.2. Don’t mess with formatting.You might think that the best way to make your resume stand out is to make the font bold, or brightly colored. Not so- the traditional format does just fine, and is a classic for a reason.How to do this on your own resume: You don’t need bells and whistles to grab attention- use your content and words to show your passion, your accom plishments, and your skills.3. Think of it as a marketing presentation.Whether you work in the marketing field or not, you are marketing a product: you. It’s important to understand your audience and target your message (e.g. your resume) accordingly.How to do this on your own resume: Research the heck out of the company, including the job description. What are they seeking? What does the company value, based on its mission statement or website? This info will help you decide what to prioritize in your skills and experience bullets.4. Proofread your resume.Whenever you send in a resume or cover letter, it should be clean and as error-free as humanly possible. You want to impress the reader, but if they can’t even get past glaring typos or unclear grammar, it decreases the chances that they’ll pass your resume on to the next level.How to do this on your own resume: Give everything a close read before you hit â€Å"send.† If at all possible, get a fresh set of eyes. Have a trusted friend or family member read over your materials to make sure a) there aren’t any major mistakes; and b) everything is clear and makes sense. After a while, you’ll start to glaze over your own writing and may miss small mistakes that a third party would notice. So always make room for this extra checking step before your submit.Getting noticed can feel like an uphill challenge when every job opening attracts hundreds of applicants, but the more work you put into your resume now, the better the chances that yours will be one of the lucky resumes chosen from the crowd.

Martian ChroniclesThe Book The Movie essays

Martian ChroniclesThe Book The Movie essays The Martian Chronicles, written in 1950, was produced in 1979 as a made-for- television mini-series. As with most adapted screenplays, the movie differs from the novel. These differences are not that drastic and do not circumvent the overlying message of the piece. The first noted difference is the opening scene of the movie. It begins with the landing of the Viking probe on Mars. This change is possibly an attempt to explain away the results of the Viking probe. The audience of the 1970s knew that the Viking probe had given definite proof that life on Mars did not exist. This gives the audience the ability to relate to the movie more than the The Rocket Summer scene of the novel. In the book, Bradbury writes of the launching of rockets actually affecting the climate around the launch area. By the 1970s, it was evident that such an event was in no way feasible. These changes enable the modern day audience to more readily associate with the movie. Another difference is the use of a mission control in the movie. The book deals mainly with the expeditions on Mars themselves. The Taxpayer scene is the only place that Bradbury tries to give the reader an idea of what the human response to the expeditions was. The mission control scenes offer the audience a way to connect with the movie. Mission control may have been used to make up for the inadequate narrative used in the movie. Bradburys vivid narration is what pulls the readers into the book and the movie could not make full use of this very effective tool. So, often the changes made were a result of the producers not being able to effectively relate the novel to film. The changing times also influenced the changes in the movie. The use of a black Spender may have been a direct result of the social changes that had occurred between the 50s and the 70s. In the 50s, this may have met with strong resistan ...

The Brit-Wear Fashion Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Brit-Wear Fashion Company - Essay Example The unique aspect of the business will be the fact that designs will be developed from various themes or factors that demonstrate Britishness and instead of shipping finished clothing from the United Kingdom; the company will establish its own production plant in Hong Kong where labor is cheaper than in the UK. Research problem and objectives Collis and Hussey (2009) argued that before implementing a business idea it is always crucial to conduct a research about the market in order to establish the feasibility or the likelihood of the business idea becoming successful. Equally, before launching the Brit-Wear Fashion Company in Hong Kong it is of essence to conduct a market research focusing on the Hong Kong fashion/ clothing market. The main factors that the market research will be investigating are the market size that is available for the Brit-Wear Fashion Company in Hong Kong, the present trends that are prevailing in the Hong Kong fashion industry, the competitors present in the Hong Kong market and their unique advantage. Additionally, the demand that currently exist in the market for fashion clothes designed using British themes, and environmental factors affecting the Hong Kong fashion industry such as the economic, political, and technological issues. It is significant to note that these factors listed above are the objectives of conducting the market research. In order to attain these research objectives the researcher employed secondary research technique, which according to Collis and Hussey (2009), involves the collection of data from sources that already exists such as scholarly books, journal articles, and credible internet sites. The researcher opted to use three credible publications that contain pertinent information relating to the objectives listed above. In a scenario whereby it would be possible to conduct primary research, then the research would have seek to answers the research objectives/ question based on actual responses from particip ants who would have comprised of a random sample population of at least twenty men and women from Hong Kong and two prominent fashion designers based in Hong Kong. The primary research process would have been conducted using questionnaires and the two prominent fashion designers would have been further interviewed to provide further insights into the research questions. Secondary research findings In reference to the research publications that was written by Poon (2013), it is stated that clothing companies in Hong Kong have gain wide reputation for their quality production and reliability since they deliver quality clothing within a short lead-time. The Hong Kong clothing industry is a major sector within the region and it is the third top employer within the region based on the fact that there are 1,021 clothing companies that employee over ten thousand workers. According to Poon (2013), in the international arena of fashion, the Hong Kong fashion industry is a critical player sin ce it exports most of its products to international markets that includes even the United Kingdom and some of their products are stocked in leading fashion retail stores in both America and Europe such as JC Penney, Macy’s, Sears, and The Gap. Additionally, world-renowned fashion retailers such as Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, and Tommy Hilfiger, among others source some of their clothes from Hong Kong.  

The Gender Wage Gap in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Gender Wage Gap in America - Essay Example Your thesis gives the first premise, the second premise is appropriately missing, and the conclusion is well stated. I, however, cannot find disagreement in your thesis and I think you should have how all Americans will benefit from the bridging of the gender wage gap. I agree with your rebuttals that women are still the primary caregivers and tend to take more flexible jobs and that women tend to make occupational choices differently from men (2). I, however, must add that the issue of occupational choices is caused by socialization. Most women are socialized to believe that they cannot handle tough jobs which are a preserve for the males. Accordingly, such women choose to pursue less demanding jobs, which equally have lower pay. The essay should be more accommodative to readers that may view this issue differently. You should lay more emphasis on how gender-based discrimination in wages affects every American whether male or female. You need to let the men know that you’re n ot blaming them for the issue, but the system instead. You should not make them feel responsible for the plight of women in terms of poor wages. I appreciate that you have used various sentence structures. There are simple, compound, and complex sentences in the essay. Your ideas are flowing nicely. I, however think you should have addressed the issues that have led to gender-based wages in consecutive paragraphs without introducing the idea of racially discriminative wages. The essay should be more accommodative to readers.

Procedural Email Message Assignment Essay Example for Free

Procedural Email Message Assignment Essay

Keep Blaming Canada Essay -- Music Downloads Technology Essays

Keep Blaming Canada In 1999, Shawn Fanning and his little program called Napster created quite a stir in society. Napster's software allows music listeners to open pieces of their personal hard drives to everyone using Napster, sharing whatever MP3 songs they have already downloaded or stored. At any time, thousands of people are online, sharing hundreds of thousands of songs, many of which are technically illegal to download without the permission of the copyright holders. [1] This led to a lawsuit filed by the Recording Industry Association of America, with the rock group Metallica as its frontman. In this case, several issues were brought up, one of which was the right of the creator of the music to control what happens with their intellectual property. In the United States, it was found illegal, in the form of Copyright laws, for people to download the musician’s music without permission. However, this only gave full rights of intellectual property to the creator. But this was only the ruling in the United States. Other countries have different versions of Copyright Laws with different interpretations. Copyright in Canada In Canada, the Canadian copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act, which protects original literary, artistic, musical and dramatic works. One very significant right granted to the owner of Canadian copyright in a work, is the exclusive right to reproduce the work, in any material form they choose. For example, the owner of copyright in a book has the right to stop others from making copies of the book, whether the copying is by way of a commercial printer, a photocopy machine, or by way of a computer image/text scanner. Copyright in a work may be assigned or licensed to others. All assignments and licenses of copyright must be in writing to be valid. The mere transfer of physical possession of a work does not thereby include an assignment of copyright in the work. [2] These seem similar to the Copyright laws found in the United States. It provides similar protection to literary work, artistic, music and so on. But as the times change, so too will the way the laws work. Changes to the Act On March 19, 1998, Part VIII of the Copyright Act dealing with private copying was brought up for a major change. Before that, â€Å"copying any sound recording for almost any purpose infringed copyright, although, in prac... ...;http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/news/c19992000fs-e.html>. [3] Borland, John. â€Å"P2P downloading is legal, says Canada.† 15 December 2003. Silicon.com. 9 February 2004. . [4] O’Reilly, Tim. â€Å"Piracy is Prograssive Taxation, and Other Thoughts on the Evolution of Online Distribution.† 12 December 2002. OpenP2P.com. 9 February 2004. . [5] Reid, Shaheem and Walker, Curtis. â€Å"50 Cent Says He's Capitalizing On Arrest, Doesn't Mind Being Bootlegged.† 16 January 2003. VH1.com. 10 February 2004. . [6] King, Howard. â€Å"Why Metallica Sued Napster.† 1 May 2001. Findlaw.com 10 February 2004. . [7] Kearns, Dave. â€Å"Intellectual property: Napster and ethics,† 9 April 2001. Network World. 10 February 2004. . [8] Barlow, John Perry. March 1994. â€Å"The Economy of Ideas.† Wired. Issue 2.03. 10 February 2004 .

Networking

ITEC325 Final Study Guide True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. ____1. The value of layers in the OSI reference model is that it divides networking into a series of tasks, and then illustrates how those tasks relate to each other. ____2. When transmitting with FHSS, if interference is encountered on a particular frequency then that part of the signal will be retransmitted on the previous frequency of the hopping code. ____3. Increasing the speed of the WLAN will cause shorter delays in waiting for reflections. ____4. Because wireless technology has advanced at such a rapid pace, the earliest WLANs are now essentially obsolete. ____5. Of the 52 subchannels, 32 are used for standard transmissions and 20 are used for FEC transmissions. ____6. When an ESS is installed it is desirable to configure the areas of coverage much like cells in a cellular telephone system. ____7. The first major function of the MAC layer involves defining procedures for a wireless device to discover the WLAN. ____8. Wireless authentication involves a user logging on to the access point. ____9. CSMA/CA eliminates the possibility of collisions. ____10. A home agent is a forwarding mechanism that keeps track of where the mobile computer is located. ____11. Wireless access to network resources can improve the quality and productivity of meetings. ____12. Early adopters of wireless LANs were sometimes called â€Å"racehorses†. ____13. Several vendors are working on comprehensive network management solutions that integrate wireless networks into the same deployment, operations, and management as a wired network. ____14. When considering the number of users who will be associated with an access point, it is only necessary to count the number of users, not the type of work they do. ___15. Establishing and staffing an internal help desk is one of the most effective means of support. ____16. It is important to evaluate the placement of the access points and antennas throughout the proposed site in order to meet the design goals. ____17. The most common type of antenna for a WLAN is an semi-directional antenna, also known as a dipole antenna. ____18. A drawback of spectrum analyzers is that the information is displayed in graphical form and not as raw data. ____19. The industry-standard form for site survey documentation is IEEE 802. 11D. ____20. The first step in collecting RF information is to position the access point in what may appear to be the most logical location. Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____21. What is the top layer of the OSI reference model? a. | application| c. | physical| b. | presentation| d. | transport| ____22. Which layer of the OSI reference model permits the devices on the network to hold ongoing communications across the network? a. | presentation| c. | transport| b. | session| d. | network| ____23. ___ signals by nature transmit on only one frequency or a very narrow portion of the frequencies. a. | Broadband| c. | Radio| b. | Computer| d. | Heat| ____24. What is a disadvantage of narrowband transmissions? a. | requires a complicated algorithm| c. | expensive to implement| b. | not well regulated| d. | interference from another radio signal| ____25. When was the concept used by FHSS technology developed? a. | during World War I| c. | in the 1960s| b. | during World War II| d. | in the 1980s| ____26. In FHSS, the amount of time needed to move from one frequency to another is the ____ time. . | dwell| c. | lift| b. | switch| d. | hop| ____27. According to FCC regulations, all FHSS systems in the 900 MHz band must change frequencies through 50 channels and cannot spend more than ____ on one frequency each 20 seconds. a. | 20 milliseconds| c. | 400 milliseconds| b. | 30 milliseconds| d. | 1 second| ____28. Bluetooth divides the 2. 4 GHz frequency into ____ different frequencies spaced 1 GHz apart. a. | 52| c. | 79| b. | 68| d. | 93| ____29. ____ is not part of a frame. a. | Length| c. | Channel| b. | Parity| d. | Data| ____30. How does OFDM work? a. signals are broken up and the parts are sent in parallel| b. | the same signal is sent on multiple channels| c. | one signal is sent twice on the same channel| d. | a signal is sent over a wired network at the same time as the wireless network| ____31. IEEE has divided the ____ layer into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). a. | Physical| c. | Transport| b. | Data Link| d. | Session| ____32. The Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) standards for 802. 11b are based on ____. a. | DSSS| c. | OFDM| b. | FHSS| d. | PYS| ____33. The 802. 1b standard specifies ____ frequencies that can be used, beginning at 2. 412 GHz. a. | 4| c. | 14| b. | 10| d. | 30| ____34. The ____ coding technique consists of a set of 64 8-bit code words. a. | chipping| c. | Barker| b. | fixed scramble| d. | complementary code keying| ____35. The ____ field of an 802. 11a frame consists of 10 repetitions of a short training sequence signal and two repetitions of a long training sequence signal. a. | Rate| c. | Synchronization| b. | Service| d. | Parity| ____36. A BSS is ____. a. | a group of wireless devices that is served by a single access point| b. a unique identifier| c. | a geographical area where wireless devices reside | d. | two or more networks that are connected through a common distribution system| ____37. What is the minimum number of BSS networks required to form an ESS? a. | 0| c. | 2| b. | 1| d. | 10| ____38. All frames contain the MAC address of the source and destination device, a frame sequence number, and a frame ____ used for error detection. a. | unit| c. | sum| b. | flag| d. | check sequence| ____39. The ____ field appears first in a management frame. a. | Frame control| c. | Destination address| b. | Duration| d. | BSSID| ___40. When an AP accepts or rejects a wireless device it sends a(n) ____ frame. a. | association request| c. | disassociation| b. | association response| d. | reassociation| ____41. In an infrastructure network the beacon interval is normally set to ____ ms, although it can be modified. a. | 1| c. | 100| b. | 10| d. | 1000| ____42. What is the default authentication method according to the 802. 11 standard? a. | basic| c. | shared key| b. | open system| d. | priv ate key| ____43. What is the first step in shared key authentication? a. | AP encrypts challenge text and sends it to wireless device| b. wireless device encrypts challenge text and sends it to AP| c. | AP sends wireless device an authentication frame that contains a block of text known as the challenge text| d. | wireless device sends an authentication frame to the AP| ____44. Following authentication, if the access point accepts the wireless device, it reserves memory space in the AP and establishes a(n) ____ ID for it. a. | association| c. | member| b. | device| d. | authentication| ____45. Why is CSMA/CD unsuitable for wireless networks? a. | Hidden node problem| c. | difficult to synchronize backoff times| b. difficult to detect collisions| d. | Both A and B| ____46. The 802. 11 standard provides an option that can be used when collisions occur due to a hidden node. That option is known as ____. a. | virtual node detection| c. | virtual carrier sensing| b. | node collision prot ocol| d. | hidden node detection| ____47. The RTS/CTS protocol is especially taxing when ____ data packets are being transmitted. a. | short| c. | encrypted| b. | long| d. | redirecting| ____48. ____ effectively prevents collisions because every device must wait until it receives permission before it can transmit. a. | CSMA/CD| c. Polling| b. | CSMA/CA| d. | Fragmentation| ____49. The ____ draft defines a superset of features that is intended to provide QoS over WLANs. a. | 802. 11a| c. | 802. 11e| b. | 802. 11b| d. | 802. 11g| ____50. An access point sends out a beacon frame containing a ____ identifying the stations that have buffered frames waiting at the access point. a. | buffer list| c. | waiting map| b. | traffic indication map| d. | buffered cache| ____51. With MobileIP, the ____ assigns the mobile computer a new (but temporary) IP number. a. | local AP| c. | foreign agent| b. | foreign AP| d. | roamed network| ____52. What do many industry experts believe is the greatest opportunity for business-process improvement at the beginning of the 21st century? a. | access to the Internet from employee’s desks| b. | extending network access to employees who are away from their desks| c. | providing wireless hotspots in rural communities| d. | All of the above| ____53. According to a study conducted by NOP World–Technology, wireless LANs enable users to be connected to network resources ____ additional hours per day. a. | . 5| c. | 1. 75| b. | 1| d. | 2. 5| ____54. Which organization would most likely not benefit from the introduction of a wireless LAN? . | business that is rapidly losing market share and has changed CEOs three times in the last 18 months| b. | business that has captured a niche in the marketplace and currently has no serious competitors| c. | organization that is fighting a fierce battle with its competitors| d. | they would all benefit| ____55. According to NOP-World Technol ogy, ____ percent of end users said that a WLAN improves their quality of life by increasing flexibility and productivity, and saving time. a. | 30| c. | 87| b. | 56| d. | 93| ____56. Intel recommends that once the ROI model is complete, larger organizations should return to step ____. . | 1| c. | 3| b. | 2| d. | 4| ____57. A(n) ____ provides wireless LAN service, for free or for a fee, from a variety of public areas, including coffee shops, public libraries, and airport lounges. a. | wireless gateway| c. | hotspot| b. | infrastructure network| d. | ad hoc network| ____58. Only in areas where low bandwidth is acceptable or an ad hoc wireless network will be used should ____ networks be considered. a. | 802. 11a| c. | 802. 11g| b. | 802. 11b| d. | 802. 11 pre-N| ____59. What is a disadvantage of thin access points? a. | complicated network management| b. | handoff time is increased| c. | very expensive| . | all thin access points and switches are proprietary| ____60. ____ generates t he highest level of interference. a. | Marble| c. | Paper| b. | Bulletproof glass| d. | Metal| ____61. In a 802. 11b network, how many power users should be associated with one access point? a. | 5| c. | 25| b. | 15| d. | 50| ____62. What should you do when electrical alternating current power is not available near the AP location? a. | move it to another location| c. | use a battery| b. | use wireless power| d. | user Power over Ethernet| ____63. ____ is one of the most effective strategies for providing support for a new wireless network. . | Creating formal user support groups| b. | Assigning support to the information technology department| c. | Maintaining a help desk| d. | Outsourcing support to a third party| ____64. In a site survey analyzer, vendors use an algorithm or a lookup table to convert ____ values to dBm, mW, or signal strength percentage. a. | GHz| c. | RSSI| b. | MAC| d. | RFID| ____65. What is a drawback of a spectrum analyzer? a. | information is displayed in g raphical form and not as raw data| b. | information is displayed as raw data, not in graphical form| c. | information only applies to one frequency| d. only made by a single manufacturer and very expensive| ____66. How are business requirements for a WLAN obtained? a. | reading company documentation| c. | interviewing technical staff| b. | interviewing management| d. | Internet research| ____67. What is the best way to gather site-specific documentation? a. | reviewing blueprints| c. | inspecting the site| b. | interviewing management| d. | viewing documentation| ____68. What is the first step in collecting RF information? a. | position the access point| c. | document AP position| b. | note the objects and layout of the room| d. | walk around room to test signal| ___69. What should you be sure to do when collecting RF information? a. | take pictures of your location as you move around| b. | connect to the Internet and download a file to test bandwidth| c. | write down your perceptio n of connection speed| d. | observe the data being displayed by the software measurement tools| ____70. What affects the coverage pattern? a. | wireless protocol| c. | notebook operating system| b. | objects that interfere with the RF signal| d. | skill of person conducting site survey| ____71. The term ____ describes the rate of transmission falling as the device moves farther from the AP. a. coverage pattern| c. | data rate boundaries| b. | packet throughput| d. | RF frequency| ____72. What affects transmission range? a. | distance only| c. | distance and objects in path| b. | objects in path only| d. | wireless protocol| ____73. What provides the greatest source of RF interference? a. | mirror| c. | desk| b. | interior wall| d. | chair| ____74. What type of AP antenna is most commonly used in a site survey? a. | omnidirectional| c. | highly-directional| b. | semi-directional| d. | parabolic| ____75. The ____ setting of a site survey analyzer specifies the AP that will be involved in the test. a. Destination MAC Address| c. | Packet Tx Type| b. | Continuous Link Test| d. | Delay Between Packets| ____76. Why is it important to document existing wired and wireless networks? a. | to examine possible sources of interference| b. | to ensure that the new or expanded wireless LAN will â€Å"dovetail† into what is already in place| c. | to avoid providing overlapping network coverage| d. | to better understand the basic networking needs of the organization| Matching Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | physical layer| f. | direct sequence spread spectrum| b. | channel bonding| g. | quadrature phase shift keying| c. frequency hopping spread spectrum| h. | transport layer| d. | Forward Error Correction| i. | orthogonal frequency division multiplexing| e. | network layer| ____77. uses a range of frequencies that change during the transmission ____78. transmits a secondary copy along with the primary information ____79. sends signals to the netw ork or receives signals from the network ____80. ensures that error-free data is given to the user ____81. sending multiple signals at the same time Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | dynamic rate shifting| f. | frames| b. | digital certificate| g. | contention| c. | scanning| h. roaming| d. | ad hoc mode| i. | polling| e. | reassociation| ____82. segments in a packet ____83. any device can attempt to transmit a message at any time ____84. as a mobile device moves farther away from the AP, the transmission speed decreases ____85. wireless devices communicate directly between themselves ____86. digital documents that associate an individual with a key value ____87. receiving wireless device looking for beacon frames Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | ad hoc| f. | Point-to-multipoint remote wireless bridge| b. | plenum| g. | soft benefits| c. | current network table| h. thin access point| d. | fat access point| i. | hard benefits| e. | ROI| ____ 88. standard measure of the profitability of a project ____89. benefits that are difficult to quantify ____90. management functions of a WLAN such as user authentication, encryption, and access point configuration are included within the AP itself ____91. air handling space above drop ceilings ____92. benefits that can be easily measured or quantified ____93. used to connect multiple LAN segments Match each term with the correct statement below. a. | coverage pattern| f. | network analyzer| b. | spectrum analyzer| g. | transmission range| c. packet throughput| h. | unicast| d. | site survey analyzer| i. | data rate boundary| e. | multicast| ____94. frame is sent from one sender to multiple receivers with a single â€Å"transmit† operation ____95. area in which the signal can be received from the AP ____96. frame is sent from one sender to a single receiver ____97. scans the radio frequency spectrum and provides a graphical display of the results ____98. measurement tool that is specifically designed for conducting a wireless LAN site survey ____99. range of coverage for a specific transmission speed ____100. number of packets sent and received and the data rates for each

The Bewitching of Anne Gunter

The Bewitching of Anne Gunter details the life of a young girl who claimed to be possessed by witches. She was not in fact possessed, and according to her at her trial, her father forced her to act as she was. Her father Brian Gunter had a long history of problems with one of the women who was accused, Elizabeth Gregory. The other women Agnes Pepwell was chosen because she was rumored to be a witch, and it would add credibility to the accusation. The problem between Brian Gunter and Elizabeth Gregory began at a football match in the town of North Moreton. It was a form of what is now called soccer, but was much rougher. It was many times viewed as just an excuse for two villages to get in a huge brawl. People were known to die from injuries related to this extreme form of physical activity. It was very hard to reconstruct what happened on the day of the football match in North Moreton. Brian Gunter was a spectator and two of Elizabeth Gregory's sons were playing in the game. A fight broke out between two men, one of them a Gregory. Gunter got in the middle of it and tried to break it up, at this point Richard Gregory and his brother John turned on Gunter. In the middle of the melee Gunter pulled out his dagger and killed both brothers. The Gregory's tried to get Gunter tried for murder, but it never came to trial, possibly because Gunter was powerful in his area. The bad blood between the two families now existed, setting the stage for Anne Gunter to accuse Elizabeth Gregory of witchcraft. Anne Gunter first had symptoms of hysteria in the summer of 1604. It was not thought to be demonic, until months later when the fits became significantly worse. The Gunter's had people come in and look at Anne, and in time she was diagnosed by many with being possessed. The actions that Anne Gunter testified too, as to come of as being possessed are extremely disturbing. Her father read the Warboy's book on witchcraft and made her imitate many of the signs of being a witch. She was drugged, to induce vomit and also was given drugs to quell pain. She was given a green mixture, which would throw her into deep rages then a very strong dullness. During the dullness when visitors were there pins were stuck into her body to show her lack of feeling. This was a sign to show that she was possessed. When the visitors would leave she could not life her arms and the pain would be unbearable. Anne testified that she have even stronger fits of torture when the accused would come near the house. She would be told they were near and act accordingly. It was a very detailed operation involving Brian Ginter's sister and her husband. Anne would be given pins to vomit and sneeze due to the fact that letting go of foreign objects out of your body was a strong sign of being afflicted. She claims she put herself through all these horrible things because she was afraid of her father and he always threatened her, although it might have something to do with her craving attention. The family also sent for good witches who could help cure the affliction. This helped fro awhile, but Anne became bewitched again and the symptoms started up again. The family also tried a number of remedies that were popular at the time. The family burned Elizabeth Gregory's hair in an attempt to help Anne recover, also moving her to different places, but nothing provided permanent relief. It is hard to give one reason why witchcraft became so prevalent during this time period. Reasons that have been given are the reformation, and Catholics trying to counter that reformation. It can also be seen as Christianity still trying to root out traditional beliefs of people, which included magic and mysticism. It was also not like society just had witchcraft, as a strange belief. It was part of a much wider belief in ghosts, fairies, fortune telling and astrology. The reformation had helped create a new focus on the devil and all his works and this also added to the witchcraft craze. It is also amazing how people of the time would go along with the person being a witch. They in turn would make up things about the accused witch, like they say Agnes Pepwell turn a cat into a black rat. Witchcraft gave people the ability to blame things on other people and to harm them considerably. It can be compared to being accused of rape, even if you didn't do it and are proved innocent, you will still have that stigma attached to you. It was many times pure bad luck that you were accused and the consequences could be deadly. After the trial of Anne Gunter, witchcraft trials were less frequent then in other parts of Europe. Convictions were also more rare then in other countries. One reason was the alleged witches were tried by the assize courts. The judges in these courts were senior judges who were high up in the social hierarchy of England. They were not allowed to be from the area they were trying so they were distanced from the local issues and bias. In many parts of Europe the trials were presided over by local courts and judges who brought their own biases and thoughts into the trial. The English courts also differed in the fact that they did not use torture as a means of bringing out confessions, where in other places witches would confess, due to the pain inflicted. The end result for the Gunter's is hard to definitively answer. Brian Gunter was brought before the Star Chamber not to face the charges of fabricating the witchcraft of his daughter but to answer to an assault charge years later. He died in 1628 with no mention of Anne in his will. Anne was most likely married, but it is hard to say to exactly who. One possibility is a man with the surname Ashely, or another man John Hartgill. The records of the times are very hard to interpret and if she did indeed marry Hartgill she would have been 16 years his senior, which would have been extremely rare even today. The historian who researched this book had to go to great lengths to gather information. He had to put together bits and pieces of historical accounts for everything to come together. The book does a good job of showing you how witches were treated in England and to what lengths people would go to, to accuse someone else. The author used church records, court records, and personal diaries, all first hand accounts. He then used historical background to help put everything together for the reader. What the village was like, the population and how trials were done. The book showed how easily people could be accused of witchcraft and it also shows the mob mentality that existed in this time period. One thing that is really disturbing is the lack of conscience shown by people. The people who accused the women of witchcraft, obviously new it wasn't true, yet Anne Gunter showed no remorse for putting these women through this harrowing experience. Her only concern when confessing was of her own pain. One of the problems with this book is the fact that the historian many times did not have much to work with. He in turn would interpret a document to the best of his ability. Many times this would end up being a conjecture, and not a sure fact. History many times has to be looked at like that, but many of his inferences may have been off. There was almost a shadow of doubt over every part of the book. One thing that is interesting is that how high profile this case was. The King became involved, and the case received a lot of attention. That shows that even with all the publicity how hard it was to reconstruct this case. It would be even harder to ever show what happened in other cases, with less prominent members of society involved.

Marketing and HR Order ID.

Marketing and HR Order ID. Customer service is very important in any business as it determines the success of the business. It refers to the various services and support provided to the customers before they make a purchase decision, while they are buying products and after the purchase has been made (Zemke, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and HR Order ID. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, customer service recognizes that the two types of customers can be grouped into internal customers and external customers. Internal customers include the employees within the organization who can also buy the products while external customers are the outsiders who buy from the organization. In starting up a new coffee shop that is Wi-Fi accessible, it enables managers to transfer data from one location to the other branches. Given that there are 3 locations within a 50-mile radius, it may be difficult for the managers to travel from one point to the other in order to perform their activities. To do this effectively, the management model to be adopted for the coffee shop is the participative approach to decision making. The customers should be treated well in order for them to continue buying coffee from the shop. A participative management approach refers to the process of management that involves the employees to participate in the decision making process of the organization. It is the best approach to be used in this situation because customer service is more important to the business. The employees do not need to be left behind in the decisions made, because they are the ones who serve the customers and therefore can greatly contribute ideas in the decision making process. For example, they know the tastes and preferences of customers, the customer needs and some of the complaints made by customers on the products and services provided. The management may not have any idea on such crucial matters. The way em ployees are being treated will be reflected in the way they also serve the customers. The participative approach allows the employees to accept all decisions made by the management as they were involved in the making of the decisions. It is very rare to find any kind of resistance on decisions made. This enables them to be motivated in serving the customers (Maslow, 1954). Once the employees feel that they are valued as they participate in the decision making process, they also work hard to maintain their jobs and serve the customers in a good way. Empowerment enables the employees to make some necessary decisions by themselves in the various problems that customers may be facing. For example, a customer may request for a small discount and the employee can decide to offer the discount.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the various locations of the business, th e management can allow the employees from the various locations to always communicate through the Wi-Fi before making any important decisions (Hamel, 2009). Once the management acknowledges their suggestions, it can use the Wi-Fi to inform them on what to do next. Every store requires about 10 employees. This may be very costly for the coffee shop if managers for every store were to be employed. Inputs and feedbacks can be provided over the Wi-Fi on any requirements for additions in the store as long as the Wi-Fi is accessible to all locations. The information exchanged can then be used to make decisions which should be communicated to the employees. However, the participative approach may not encourage some employees who may feel that their views have not been considered. For the coffee shop, a participative approach can reduce the controlling costs and also ensure excellent customers service, which is the main objective of the new business. References Hamel, G. (2009).The future o f management. Washington, DC: Harvard University Press. Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper. Zemke, R. (2006). Best practices in customer service. New York, NY: Pearson.

Cultural Anthropology essays

Cultural Anthropology essays Beverly Newbold Chinas book, La Zandunga: Of fieldwork and friendship in southern Mexico, is a personal reflection combined with research results concerning the Isthmus Zapotec culture in 1966. Intrigued by beautiful pictures and a tantalizing description of Zapotec culture, Chinas decided to do her first fieldwork here among the Zapotec. Her primary interest was gender. More specifically, Zapotec women were the focal point because of their perceived strength and independence. Chinas mentions the fact that she has always had an interest in women and women's status. She was fascinated with "The frankness of Zapotec women, their rather loose use of strong language, and their social and economic independence give them a position of equality with men, and a self-reliance that is unique in Mexico" (Chinas 5). I am given the impression that a lot of her interest in Zapotec women can be linked to the social movement occurring in the United States. During the 1960's the United States was in turmoil. Society that we were familiarized with was quickly becoming unfamiliar. Women's Liberation was rapidly sweeping America. Therefore, Chinas research was based on a cultural society whose values were those American women sought to gain. When comparing the Isthmus Zapotec with the United States, Chinas research suggests that personality traits commonly called masculine or feminine are vaguely related to sex/gender. Within a society, the socialization process through out childhood cultivates typical personality differences between the sexes. With education and adult modeling children are trained to conform to these differences. Therefore, the evidence that Chinas has presented is overwhelmingly in favor of social conditioning as the determining factor. On the other hand, there are some distinguishing differences. Much of Mexico is poverty-stricken, but only in economic terms. There is a richness of spirit here. ...

Smart Electronic Devices It Can Save You Money Essay

Smart Electronic Devices It Can Save You Money - Essay Example With all the strengthened campaigns against global warming, all industries seem to be keen on going with the hype. But is it just hype? No it isn’t. It’s as real as can be and the campaign for green electronics is just but timely. It is known that consumer electronics are far from friendly to the environment — they consume lots of energy thereby contributing to global warming. Aside from that, they also leach out toxins when they are discarded in landfills. What exactly goes into the category green electronics and why is it so â€Å"in† right now? In this year’s Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Greenpeace International toxics campaigner Casey Harrell said that green electronics are those "free from toxic chemicals and excels in energy efficiency and durability† (â€Å"New Electronic Gadgets†). What is so good about green electronics aside from being environment-friendly is that it will be economical. We are talking in the future tense for this one because the search for a truly green product is still on. What we have now are more or less attempts to greener electronics and since the technology is not yet perfect and cost much to manufacture, they are still generally expensive. In the long run though, greener electronics will save us money especially once it becomes the standard. Let us look at some examples. A thermostat regulates temperature according to what is desired. Old manual thermostats can be replaced with electronic ones to conserve energy, thereby cutting your electric bills and saving you lots of money. This way, being comfortable in your home will not cost you much. How so? These electronic thermostats are programmable. Thus you can have it preset to automatically adjust temperature depending on your needs, like when you’re sleeping at night and during morning when everyone gets up. Some models can even be controlled remotely (Corder). Water is easily wasted in running taps especially when used by children. To

Touch Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan Term Paper

Touch Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan - Term Paper Example l ensure that it successfully meets the requirements of every customer by charging reasonable price for the product range and provide features in the alarm clock accordingly. Since the business environment is becoming fierce and competitive, it has become vital for the companies to carry out a market research before launching the product in the market (Ranjhita, 2011). With the help of the research, it was found that the touch screen alarm clock has a huge potential for the new entrants and entry barriers are relatively low (Cako, 2005). The new entrants can be very challenging to deal as the competition via new entrants gets fiercer in the business market. In US, every top ranked brand is offering its products but there are some areas where people have limited access to these clocks. This limited access creates an opportunity for other organizations to market their products. The three areas identified by our company are Ohio, Florida and California; the geographic segmentation has been done to get a clear picture of the type of customers that the company will be targeting. From the analysis of the research findings, it is decided that the brand name will be â€Å"Express Alarm Clock† and it will comprise of two models on the basis of features. One model will be simple with fewer features and other will be with complicated features and it will consist of extremely high technical features. The two models are decided upon according to the needs and demands of the target market. The other aspects of the marketing plan are discussed below in detail. In order to cater the right target market, it is important that the target market is decided beforehand which will ensure that there will be certain number of consumers who would be willing to buy the product (Flink, 2011). The target market of this new touch screen Alarm Clock is as follows: Lifestyle: Depending on the life cycle stage; young children and adults who are fun-loving, adventurous and technologically savvy.

Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Methods - Assignment Example There are two main research methods used in the business field, which are the qualitative and quantitative research methods; their use depends on different scenarios and the type of data that is required. Qualitative research methods are meant to help the researcher in understanding how people make decisions. This is achieved by evaluating the cultural and social contexts that describe the environment in which such people are situated (Myers, 2013). On the other hand, quantitative research was developed from natural sciences in understanding natural phenomena; the research approach uses numbers to represent values in constructing theoretical concepts. Interpreting such numbers is a strong scientific based method of understanding how a process actually works, and allows greater reliability as data collected offers a better trend of relations between two variables (Myers, 2013). This report uses a qualitative and a quantitative article in management to show how each research methodolog y applies in examining relationships between concepts. The report further determines the suitability of each methodology under differing research contexts. Holts (2011) uses a descriptive quantitative approach in determining the necessary behaviours, skills and practices that a pharmaceutical company would require to establish a reliable and effective leadership development program. The research involves collecting data from sales representatives and district managers. The two groups represent multi-level structures in an organization and offer reliable trends in the behaviour of sales persons in the company. Case studies as in Holts case may be said to be, â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context† (Yin 2003, p.13). In other words, the study is aimed at investigating the dynamics that manifest in a single research setting, in this case examining actions taken by sales persons in a pharmaceutical company. The author ai ms at tracing operational links and their impacts on sales representatives. In addition, the research establishes ‘how’ the company may use skills of the experienced sales persons in formulating a training program for new personnel in the future. Holts first offers a background on how companies formulate different approaches to structure leadership development programs, and forms a problem statement based on this introduction. The research problem, which forms the basis of the article, is that companies lack enough knowledge on how to formulate effective leadership training programs. Holts justifies this problem by examining the benefits of forming a program based on the data from sales representatives and district managers, as they possess the required skills in marketing the company’s products. However, Holts in the conceptual framewor

Research Process and Terminology Essay Example for Free

Research Process and Terminology Essay To be a qualified researcher, they must know different terminologies and the process to become one. There are many of terminologies that a researcher must know to do his/her job. Some of them are the steps in research, the Lucifer effect, informed consent, and shield laws. Knowing the proper terminologies and how they apply to the criminal justice field can help their research in the criminal justice field. Not knowing the proper terms can make their research invalid and produce incorrect information. It is best for researchers to take the proper steps when they conduct their study. The steps in research are problem formulation, research design, data collection methods, analysis and presentations of findings and conclusions. The problem formulation is the particular area that is going to be investigated. The research design is a type of experiment or studies of the group over a period. The data collections methods are the choice of methods that are going to used. The analysis is the summarizing and reporting of the findings. The last step is what the researcher believes the study has to say (Hagen, 2010). The steps in research already apply to the criminal justice field. For example, California wants to know what type of offender goes in and out of prison the most. They would study this over the next five to ten years and come up with robbery offenders tend to come in and out of prison. Not knowing the proper terminology can not only affect the results time wasted on researching the subject matter and taking the incorrect way of doing things. Understanding these terms will assist in analyzing research or data will help out a lot because I would know what each step the researchers did and how they came to his or her conclusion. I would not be lost in translation on what this means or even get confused on why they believe their study has to say. According to the book is a term coined by Zimbardo that refers to the transformation of a good person to engage with evil actions† (Hagen, 2010). Knowing wha t Lucifer effect is applies to the criminal justice field more with psychologist than anyone else. When they profile someone, for example, Ted Bundy, they wanted to know this good person all of a sudden turned evil and started killing women. Psychologists believe that Ted Bundy’s breaking point was when his first love dumped him he dropped out of school moved back home. He later found out that his so called sister was his mother, and his parents were actually his  grandparents; that is where psychologist think he snapped and started killing. Bundy could not accept the lies and was killing his first love because all the victims’ resemble her in a way. This is more of a Lucifer effect because it was not overnight that Bundy started killing, it was more each lie and the more he got hurt he began to transform into a serial killer (Montaldo, n.d.). Not knowing the proper terminology can affect the way a person conducts criminal justice research because not knowing what this term entirely means can make a wrong diagnosis. If a psychologist believed that that the criminal had the Lucifer effect and tried to lower the sentence with the help of the defense council, it can jeopardize the case. Because the Lucifer effect is not recognized as a proper diagnostic. Understanding this term can be an asset in some ways, but I do not think when conducting a study. Zimbardo had to stop his experiment because it became too dangerous (Zimbardo, 2006). To study Bundy’s’ and his actions and publish them they needed his families or his consent to publish their findings. When researching the sponsors require an informed consent from the subjects, so they are aware of the intentions and studies that is being done. An informed consent applies to the criminal justice field because when researching, they need consent from anyone who participates in the study, so the participants know what’s going on and so the researchers can publish their findings without a participant suing them. Not knowing what the term means can affect me in research because I just tell the subjects what I am doing without getting their signatures I can be sued of even worse lose my job. Understanding this term can help me conduct a safe research where the subjects know what is going on and why I am doing the study. By having their signatures saying that I can include them in my research is a benefit because that is just one more thing that is going to either approve or disapprove my hypothesis. When doing the research, researcher need to know that what they find can be protected under shield laws. The book states that shield laws â€Å"constitute a governmental immunity from prosecution and the right to confidentiality for researchers if they are subpoenaed† (Hagen, 2010). Shield laws apply to the criminal justice field because it protects respondents by ensuring that the data provided will not be used to invade their privacy. Not knowing the full terminology of shield law can affect my criminal justice research. For example, if I think that everything in my  research can be used against me I might leave out some information so it will not be used against me. Knowing this term can asset me when I am conducting research because I know that I cannot be prosecuted for my research and even if the courts subpoenaed me I was still protected from giving my field data up, etc. In conclusion, knowing the right meaning of these terminologies can help researcher conduct a more proficient study. That can help the criminal justice field in more in more than one way. Knowing the right process of these terms can help the researchers perform the proper steps to do the research. To make sure that they all have the informed consents from the subjects and to know that they are protected from giving up their data by the shield law. References Hagen, F. (2010). Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Zimbardo, P. (2006, January 1). The Lucifer Effect. Retrieved August 21, 2014. Montaldo, C. (n.d.). Ted Bundy: Profile of a Serial Killer. Retrieved August 21, 2014.

Fetishism, perversion and the Gay Identity :: Socialization Sociology Essays

Fetishism, perversion and the Gay Identity The contemporary Euro-American idea of identity as coherent, seamless, bounded and whole is indeed an illusion. On the contrary, the self carries many internal contradictions and nuances as a reflection of the many roles that a person plays in various social circles. Identity is partially post-social and socially constructed though rituals and disciplinary acts. In turn Delany challenges the concept of a Gay Identity, an entity of being that could be defined as referential. "The point to the notion of Gay Identity is that, in terms of a transcendent reality concerned with sexuality per se (a universal similarity, a shared necessary condition, a defining aspect, a generalizable and inescapable essence common to all men and women called 'gay'), I believe Gay Identity has no more existence than a single, essential, transcendental sexual difference" (Delany 1991:131). The meaning of Gay Identity does not carry over across all time, sharing itself in a congruent way to every gay community to encompass an irreducible gayness. In fact, the very notion of the existence of any gay properties characterizing the Gay Identity is seriously questioned and refuted, as is the concept of a universal, timeless sexual difference (Delany 1991). According to Sedgwick, even the language used to identify the gay identity "queer" is non-referential. Queer describes the gay identity in as many uncharacteristic ways that fail to overlap certain individual homosexual experiences as it does in describing characteristic ways that overlap other homosexual experiences. Queerness is not always translatable just as being queer means different things to different gays. "'Queer' seems to hinge much more radically and explicitly on a person's undertaking particular, performative acts of experimental self-perception and filiation" (Sedgwick 1993:9). Sedgwick contends that there always exists a performative aspect of the self in all the roles that people play, including the queer role. Thus queer is not outside of the performance. This description of performance as identity suggests that the retrospective act of interpreting performance constructs personhood. During moments of cultural misunderstanding and differences that cause personal str ess and strains in individual access to self-representation of identity, a social actor has the ability to alter identity. By experimenting with who they are through sexual performance, people shape their sexual identities (Sedgwick 1993). Building critically upon Delany, I call into question the accuracy of perversion belonging in marginal spaces. I specifically seek to analyze fetishism as a kind of perversion.

International Joint Ventures Essay

The objective of this paper is to highlight some of the important issues that must be considered prior to forming an international joint venture. Why is this topic important? The following quote summarizes the main reason: â€Å"Cross-border M&As, JVs and alliances seem to share at least two characteristics with marriage trends of the post World War II â€Å"Baby Boomers† generation: They have grown explosively during the 1980s and through the 1990s but – less fortunately – they fail about half the time.†[1] With this in mind, it is very likely that sooner or later you will be involved in an international joint venture, either in the process of forming one, dissolving one or working for one. The more you know about international joint ventures, the better prepared you will be to understand and contribute to the solution for the challenges they present. Most companies begin their expansion to overseas markets by exporting their products or services. Exporting products has minimal risk involved, especially if the proper steps are followed. However, in some instances exporting is difficult or expensive and companies use other methods to penetrate international markets. Forming an international joint venture with a foreign firm in the target market is, in some cases, the only avenue to accomplish the goal. An international joint venture is usually a progression in the investment level that companies are willing to commit prior to fully investing in a foreign subsidiary. What is the main difference between opening a subsidiary and forming a joint venture? According to Andrew Inkpen, a joint venture occurs when â€Å"two or more legally distinct firms (the parents) pool a portion of their resources within a jointly owned legal organization†[2] â€Å"The distribution of equity among the parent companies can take different forms, ranging from 50/50 IJVs between two companies, to reduced minority or dominant majority stakes.†[3] In contrast, only one company owns a subsidiary. Even though companies perceive IJV as less risky than opening their own subsidiaries, forming inadequate joint ventures can be risky and expensive. If managers are not careful in their analysis and are not aware of the potential pitfalls of international joint ventures then they can face some serious trouble. So far we have learned that culture plays a major role in business culture. Hence, culture will ultimately have a major impact in the international joint venture. Piero Morosini, one of the leading researchers in international joint ventures, explains the role culture plays in international joint ventures as follows: â€Å"Empirical evidence suggests that technical issues are less likely to lead to conflicting situations compared to relationship problems during the implementation of international JVs and alliances. Throughout this phase, too much emphasis is usually placed on setting strategic objectives at the cost of ignoring personal interaction aspects involving people from different national cultures. This has been cited as the most critical factor leading to unresolved conflicts and outright failure of an international JV or alliance.†[4] Companies some times enter into joint ventures with objectives other than to gain rapid access into the market. Some companies want to learn from other companies or like to combine resources in order to make a stronger company. â€Å"The need to combine strategic resource contributions and foster functional co-operation and co-ordination between the partners to create mutual advantages is at the heart of both IJVs and global alliances.†[5] As you read this paper, you will learn that most of the failures in joint ventures occurs due to the misunderstanding in the goals and the definition of the goals. Finnie Williams states that â€Å"half of all partnerships don’t work. Those that are successful share three characteristics with successful marriages: †¢ The actual and perceived potential benefits must be large for both parties. †¢ The partners must share a common set of values †¢ The key people must be committed to success.†[6] It seems that the most important aspect when speaking of international joint ventures, is that partners must share a common set of values. This is very unlikely to happen. The main reasons cultures are different is because they have different sets of values. For instance, some companies define success in terms of return on investment, others use market share, yet others define it in terms of customer satisfaction. These differences are critical and must be discussed early in the planning stage in order to lay a solid foundation for the partnership. It is important to keep in mind that even companies from the same cultural and business background have different plans to achieve their goals. Therefore, whenever we mix companies with different cultural backgrounds, the complexity level increases. People from different cultures perceive business in different ways. The rest of this paper provides examples of international joint ventures in different countries and examines some of the general observations related to such ventures and countries. China â€Å"Foreign investment in 1995 was $US38 billion (China Statistical Press 1996). International Joint ventures (IJVs) between overseas companies and domestic state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been the dominant mode of entry. However, many JV investments have been less than successful.†[7] China â€Å"is now the world’s most active joint venture market.† [8] These facts are not surprising as â€Å"China is home to 25 percent of the world’s population and many western firms view the country as a prime target market.†[9] However, as we will discuss, not everyone venturing in China has been successful. For instance, a group of French investors dissolved their joint venture in China after 12 years of investment. The agreement was primarily between Peugeot and Guangzhou Automotive Manufacturing (GAM). It took four years of negotiations between French and Chinese investors to form the joint venture Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Corporation (GPAC) in 1985 . Following are some of the major problems that Peugeot mentioned as key elements to the failure of their venture in China: †¢ The labor force from the Chinese partner had inadequate skills, which resulted in more time and money spent in training. †¢ Lack of suppliers in the Guangzhou area that could provide quality parts. As a consequence many of the parts had to be imported which raised the cost of the vehicles as compared to the competition. †¢ Guangzhou officials would not allow the plant to purchase parts from suppliers from other regions in China. Competitors who were located in other Chinese regions had access to quality Chinese parts and were able to build vehicles at lower prices. There is another side to this story, analysts believe that: †¢ Peugeot chose the Guangzhou area because the central government had little influence over the local government and there would be more management freedom. However, this backfired on Peugeot as the distance from Beijing acted as a barrier to access suppliers from other regions. †¢ Peugeot did not act fast enough to form a joint venture with a supplier in the Guangzhou region. Their competitors had formed such partnerships with their suppliers. †¢ Peugeot repatriated most of its profits and made few changes to their vehicles. Their competitors instead, reinvested most of the profits in the venture and to improve the vehicles. [10] I think there are several lessons to be learned from this example. One is that it takes a long time to agree on the terms of the agreement. Second is that even though both partners had agreed on the goals, unexpected deficiencies (labor and parts) put the company at a disadvantage with its competitors. It is amazing that after four years of negotiations, nobody checked if the skill sets were compatible and if the local suppliers could provide quality parts. Third is that even when companies believe that they are making the correct strategic move they could be doing the opposite due to lack of knowledge of the local culture. In this case, Peugeot was under the impression that distance from Beijing would be positive and in fact it turned out negative. Finally, companies that want to use joint ventures as means to have a quick entry into the market can get hurt. In this case, Peugeot was not committed to re-investing capital in the joint venture, which at the end made them completely uncompetitive in the market. You might be wondering who was the competitor to Peugeot that was being so successful in China. That competitor was also a joint venture. This time it was between a German company, Volkswagen AG, and a Chinese partner in the Shanghai area. As mentioned before, Shanghai Volkswagen was quick to form partnerships with suppliers to increase the content of Chinese parts in their vehicles and reduce the number of imported parts. Another important aspect is the fact that Shanghai Volkswagen was reinvesting their profits in order to improve their vehicles. Such improvements plus their commitment to the Chinese economy, allowed Shanghai Volkswagen to earn a better reputation among customers.[11] Another major corporation that has been successful in forming joint ventures in China is United Parcel Service. â€Å"UPS has been aggressively expanding its operations there. On Jan. 21 1999, the company announced an agreement with Chinese airline Sinotrans to expand UPS-branded operations to 18 additional cities in China, bringing the total to 21. The two carriers signed a memorandum of understanding that includes new investments to develop dedicated operations and more joint training and management efforts. In 1994, UPS opened representative offices in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing, and by 1996 established a joint venture with Sinotrans in Beijing. Efforts to establish joint ventures in Shanghai and Guangzhou were temporarily put on hold with a change in government leadership.†[12] These examples provide us with some useful information regarding joint ventures in China. However, there are some other facts that you must know: †¢ Laws governing international joint ventures in China are different than the laws for Chinese firms. †¢ Laws may also be different depending on whether the Chinese partner is a state business, village or township enterprise. †¢ China’s legal system consists of guidelines for businesses and individual judges have enough leeway to determine what is right and what is wrong. †¢ Provincial regions can prohibit the sale of goods not produced on its own region. (this was the case with Peugeot suppliers). †¢ The need for government support is greater when the output of the joint venture is sold within China †¢ The local partner is critical when the output must be sold to the government instead of the general public. [13] A survey of 125 randomly chosen Sino-Western joint ventures, each with a minimum of 50 employees, and each in business for over one year, were surveyed in Shanghai. They surveyed mangers from both parent companies in order to compare results and the results were as follows: †¢ The goal emphasis of the two groups was substantially different. †¢ Chinese managers focused on things that they had not yet mastered such as technology, management skills, and capital understanding. †¢ Western managers focused on their own things to be mastered such as understanding the local market, government policy and the political system. [14] Japan The situation in Japan is mixed. While some researchers point that there are some major problems in forming international joint ventures, large multinationals have formed very successful joint ventures and the announcements of more and more joint ventures being formed continues. On one hand is the view that international joint ventures between Japanese and North American firms in the automotive industry have encountered many problems. Most of the problems are related to cultural differences and management styles. â€Å"Although it is overly simplistic to describe Japanese management as long-term oriented and American management as short-term oriented, the Japanese partner firms in this study appeared to focus on customer satisfaction and product quality rather than profit based performance. Japanese firms seemed less constrained by issues of share price and impatient board of directors than their American counterparts.†[15] On the other hand is the trend of new joint ventures being formed or existing ones being expanded, â€Å"Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and Sumitomo Rubber Industries announced the formation of four joint venture operating companies. The units will be based in North America, Europe, and Japan. Two U.S.-based service joint ventures will also be formed, one for global purchasing and one for sharing tire technology.†[16] This agreement between Goodyear and Sumitomo reflects some experience in forming joint ventures as they have clearly defined the goals of the different joint ventures. This joint venture seems to be headed in the right direction, it will be interesting to follow up in a few years to see if they actually become successful. â€Å"Dainippon Ink and Chemicals (DIC) and Eastman Kodak say they will combine portions of their Japanese graphic arts businesses in April to make a Japanese unit for their existing JV, Kodak Polychrome Graphics (Norwalk, CT). The combination will increase the JVs sales from $1.5 billion last year to $2 billion in 1999, Kodak says.†[17] Kodak seems to be having success in their joint ventures with Japanese companies as they are expanding their current joint venture. Dupont and Teijin announced that they will form a 50-50 joint venture to manufacture polyester films. The joint venture is expected to generate sales of $1.4 billion and represent 25% of the market. â€Å"Both companies say the venture will allow for the free flow of technology and will combine DuPont’s strengths in the U.S., Europe, and China with Teijin’s strengths in Japan and Southeast Asia.† [18] Once again, it seems that companies that invest time and effort analyzing and understanding the challenges of joint ventures get on the right track from the start. Companies that just want to do business as usual (the case in the automotive industry) will have a hard time making the joint venture successful. SPAIN Spain has seen less activity in terms of joint ventures than Japan and China. It seems that Spain is not perceived as â€Å"risky† country and most companies might be willing to spring into fully owned subsidiaries in Spain. Also, the barrier to enter the market might not be as high as in the case of the Japanese market. However, in some industries, such as the financial services industry, there is a need for joint ventures to penetrate the market. Spanish people look for names of familiar companies to invest their money. According to a London fund manager interested in the Spanish market, â€Å"The easiest way to break into the market is through joint ventures with local banks but there are not many suitable partners. We have looked around a few banks but we haven’t been able to come up with a deal we like the look of.†[19] There is one company that has formed a joint venture with a Fibanc in Barcelona, Lazard Unit Trust Managers. Although, the majority of the investment firms have decided to just open their own branches in Spain. Fidelity’s managing director for central Europe believes that â€Å"Spain has a big population, around 40 million so in terms of sheer size it is very attractive. It’s one of the markets we have to be in. Fidelity opened its office in Madrid this year and has put a sales team in place. We are aiming at creating our own distribution channel rather than any other form of strategic alliance or joint venture†[20] It will be interesting to observe which of the two firms becomes more successful given the different approaches to penetrate the Spanish market. Another recent joint venture in Spain is Spanair. Formed between Scandinavian Airlines (49%) and Viajes Marsan (51%). Due to the recent deregulation of the European airline industry, the two companies were able to establish the airline as a joint venture. Spanair is flying direct from Madrid to Washington D.C. and it is increasing the number of intra-Europe flights. Spanair is now trying to form alliances with United Airlines to gain market recognition in the United States. Spanair has a different approach to marketing, they consider themselves an â€Å"airline with humor†, in fact, they gave away 266 round trip tickets to the first 266 people to arrive at the airport wearing some type of costume resembling some aspect of the Spanish culture.[21] Although, it seems that this airline has had a great start, it will be interesting to find out how they do in the future, as the Spanish culture seems to be playing a mayor role in the way the airline is run. I think that if Scandinavian Airlines is fully aware of the differences in management style between them and their Spanish partners, this joint venture should successful. Russia Prior to 1987, Russia had major restrictions in the formation of joint ventures. Only Eastern Block countries were allowed to form joint ventures with Russian partners. However, after 1987 the opportunity for joint ventures with Russian companies opened up and the result was a flood of joint ventures along with problems, risks, frustrations, opportunities and rewards.[22] The following quote summarizes the joint venture situation in Russia: â€Å"Although more than 10,000 international joint ventures have been registered in Russia since 1987, only about one-fifth of those have actually begun operations. Historically, many Russian-foreign joint ventures fail in the first year of operation, with an average survival rate of about 2.5 years.† [23] Richard Reece has identified some myths about Russians, which he believes are key elements in the failure track of international joint ventures in Russia. Following is a summary of these myths and his observations regarding the myths and suggestions to consider when forming a joint venture in Russia. 1. Russian workers are alcoholics and have an inferior work ethic. Alcoholic consumption might be higher, there is no certainty in this remark, however, Russian workers are used to longer vacations in the summer time and this can create the impression that Russians are lazy. His suggestion is to learn more about the Russian habits and styles prior to committing to a joint venture and have unrealistic expectations. 2. Russians are ignorant, incompetent managers. It is important to remember that Russians are learning about the market economy. For many years they have not been exposed to open markets, so they are less familiar with issues such as pricing, receivables, cost analysis, financing, cash flow, and marketing. It is important to remember that this is one of the major reasons why Russians are looking for partnerships with western companies. Russians are eager to learn more about the western style economics. The best way to find out the knowledge level is trough interviews with potential partners. 3. Russian managers lack business savvy. This myth has some truth in it, however, the fact that the Russian economy is unstable, has given managers the ability to react quickly to changes and adapt to the conditions of the new environment. In fact it is important to understand that not all western style solutions will work in Russia and Russian manager are more familiar with the details on how to get things done in Russia. Richard Reece makes particular emphasis in communication as a key ingredient to a successful joint venture in Russia. If potential partners do not learn about each other, how can they expect the venture to be successful. General Guidelines to Select a Partner. In general regardless of the countries involved, William Myers offers the following guidelines to select an adequate business partner: †¢ Is your prospective partner a known entity? †¢ Have you worked with the group before? †¢ Do the organization’s culture and values match yours? †¢ Does your prospective partner understand how associations work? †¢ Will the organization be flexible in crafting workable deals? †¢ Can your prospective partner clearly define success in the joint venture? †¢ Does your prospective partner have a reputation for honesty, and will the organization define working agreements in writing? [24] Answers to these questions will give you a general idea on whether to proceed with the venture, do more in depth analysis or simply not go through with the process. Conclusion This paper presented examples of successful and unsuccessful joint ventures. It also highlighted important information regarding key aspects of joint ventures in different countries. Joint ventures are still popular and international companies are creating more every day. Therefore, the knowledge from this paper should assist you to better understand the challenges associated with most joint ventures. A topic that was consistent throughout the literature on joint ventures is the importance of cultural differences, patience and the comparison of joint ventures to marriage. Therefore, if you have been married for a while, you might be better prepared for a joint venture than you think. Another interesting observation is that joint ventures seem to be preferred when there are market barriers, such as the case with Japan, or when the perceived risk level is relatively high, such as Russia and China. The fact that there was scarce information on joint ventures between companies of developed nations indicates that joint ventures are not the main avenue of expansion for most firms. This does not imply that they do not happen or that are not recommended, it simply states that they are far less popular. Companies are more willing to establish their own subsidiaries or branches since the risk level is lower. If you are involved in a joint venture, use the guidelines presented in this paper. The authors who recommend them have been studying international joint ventures for several years and have learned a lot from them. ———————– [1] Morosini, Piero.1998. Managing Cultural Differences, Pergamon Great Britain. [2] Inkpen, Andrew. 1995. The management of international joint ventures, Routledge London and New York. [3] Morosini, Piero.1998. Managing Cultural Differences, Pergamon Great Britain. [4] Morosini, Piero.1998. Managing Cultural Differences, Pergamon Great Britain. [5] Morosini, Piero.1998. Managing Cultural Differences, Pergamon Great Britain [6] Finnie, William C. 1998. Strategic partnering: Three case studies. Strategy and leadership, 26 (4): 18-22. [7] O Connor, Neal; & Chalos, Peter. 1999. The challenge for successful joint venture management in China: Lessons from a failed joint venture Multinational Business Review, 7 (1): 50-61. [8] Si, Steven & Bruton, Gary. 1999. Knowledge transfer in international joint ventures in transitional economies: The China experience. Academy of Management Executive, 13 (1): 83-90. [9] Si, Steven & Bruton, Gary. 1999. Knowledge transfer in international joint ventures in transitional economies: The China experience. Academy of Management Executive, 13 (1): 83-90. [10] Harwit, Eric. 1997. Guangzhou Peugeot: Portrait of a commercial divorce. China Business Review, 24(6): 10-11. [11] Harwit, Eric. 1997. Guangzhou Peugeot: Portrait of a commercial divorce. China Business Review, 24(6): 10-11 [12] Traffic World 1999 UPS’s big stake in China talks. Feb 8: 37. [13] Si, Steven & Bruton, Gary. 1999. Knowledge transfer in international joint ventures in transitional economies: The China experience. Academy of Management Executive, 13 (1): 83-90. [14] Si, Steven & Bruton, Gary. 1999. Knowledge transfer in international joint ventures in transitional economies: The China experience. Academy of Management Executive, 13 (1): 83-90. [15] Inkpen, Andrew. 1995. The management of international joint ventures, Routledge London and New York. [16] Fleet owner. 1999. Goodyear, Sumitomo deal. March: 16. [17] Moore, Samuel K. 1999. Kodak and DIC develop another JV. Chemical Week, 161 (8): 22. [18] Westerlvelt, Robert. 1999. Dupont and Teijin take a joint role in films. Chemical Week, 161 (6): 19. [19] Marshall, Julian. 1998 / 1999. Retail Pioneers will gain in Spain. 118: 56. [20] Marshall, Julian. 1998 / 1999. Retail Pioneers will gain in Spain. 118: 56. [21] Guttman, Robert J. 1998. Spanair: The sky’s the limit. Europe, 380:16-17. [22] Reece, Richard. 1998. Successful joint ventures in Russia. World Trade, 11 (8): 42-44. [23] Reece, Richard. 1998. Successful joint ventures in Russia. World Trade, 11 (8): 42-44. [24] Myers, William. 1998. Picking your partners wisely. Association Management, 50 (10): 31.